Should You Earn a Risk Management Degree

A risk management degree is a type of academic degree awarded to students who have completed a postsecondary degree program with an emphasis on risk management. Risk management degrees can be obtained from a college, university, or business school. Types of Risk Management Degrees There are four basic types of risk management degrees that can be earned from a college, university or business school. A bachelors degree is usually the minimum requirement for risk management personnel. However, a masters or MBA degree may be better suited for some positions. Bachelors Degree: A bachelors degree in risk management or a bachelors degree in business administration with an emphasis on risk management are solid options for undergraduates who want to work in risk management. These programs generally take four years to complete, but can take as little as three years or as long as six years, depending on the program you choose and the amount of time you want to invest in your studies each week.Masters Degree: A masters degree in risk management could be the logical next step for students who have already earned a bachelors degree but want to further their career or knowledge of risk management. Most masters programs take two years to complete.Master of Business Administration: An MBA with a focus on risk management will also be an asset to students who want to work in the business or insurance fields. Students will take a core set of business courses along with specialized courses in risk management. MBA programs usually take two years to comple te. One-year and part-time programs are also available.Doctorate Degree: Students who would like to earn the highest degree possible may go on to earn a doctorate or PhD in risk management. This degree is best suited for risk managers who would like to teach or work in academic research. A doctorate or PhD program can take several years to complete. Studying  Risk Management Risk management is important to the success of every business. Managers need to be able to  anticipate their liabilities to develop strategic business and financial plans.  They must be able to diversify, hedge, and ensure against risks at every turn.  The study of risk management involves learning how to identify, assess, and manage financial risks for an organization or project. While enrolled in a risk management program, youll focus on the different tools and techniques used in this field and learn how to communicate risk management recommendations to key decision-makers. Choosing a Risk Management Degree Program Choosing a risk management degree program is just like choosing any other academic program. You need to weigh a lot of information to make the right choice. Specific things to consider include the size of the school, program reputation, career placement, faculty expertise, student support, and post-graduation resources and opportunities. It is also important to find an accredited program. Accreditation ensures that you will get a quality education and earn a degree recognized by employers. Risk Management Careers Most students who get a risk management degree go on to work as risk managers. They may work as consultants or in a more permanent position within the risk management or employee benefits departments of  a specific company.  Responsibilities may include analyzing and controlling financial risk. Risk management professionals may use various strategies, such as hedging, to offset or limit an estimated financial loss. Specific career titles can include: Risk Manager: Risk Manager is a generic title for many people who work in risk management related careers. Risk management personnel may work with insurance, securities, investments, and other financial vehicles. They typically supervise operations or one or more people.Risk Specialist: A Risk Specialist has many of the same duties as a risk manager but usually specializes in a very specific area of risk management, such as real estate risk management or healthcare risk management.Actuary: An actuary is a statistician specifically trained in risk management. Job duties may include analyzing data to quantify risk. More than 60 percent of actuaries are employed by insurance companies. Risk Management Certifications You do not have to become certified to work as a risk manager--most employers do not demand it. However, there are several risk management certifications that can be earned. These designations look impressive on a resume and could help you earn more money or secure a position before a competing job applicant.

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1407 Words

Change can be both good and bad. Change is constantly occurring and has occurred for centuries. The 1920s were a period of great social, political, and technological change in United States (Roaring Twenties†). The Great War had just ended, and America exited the war victorious. Society was becoming more and more social and the economy was booming. Art, design, and especially architecture were becoming more modern due to the occurring Art Deco Movement. And many people had obtained or were close to obtaining their â€Å"American Dream.† In his novel The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald, through the use of his narrator Nick Carraway, a stock broker from the Midwest who is currently living in New York, describes the American Dream of Jay Gatsby†¦show more content†¦However, Art Deco was focused more on angular, geometric shapes, abstract patterns and a slick technological look (Striner 23). The main goal of the Art Deco movement was to â€Å"[serve] as an import ant channel between radical and traditionalist design responses to twentieth-century challenges† (Striner 21). With the constant changes happening in society it was hard to find a balance, and the Art Deco movement was an attempt to find that balance between traditionalism and modernism (Striner 24). Traditionalists were typically conservative, religious people from rural areas. They wanted to preserve their traditional and religious values (Là ¼sted 12). Modernists however, embraced the social change and advocated new ideologies, such as, liberalism, the sexual revolution, atheism, evolution, and socialism. Modernists were typically young, urban people who rejected traditional restrictions and values, especially those surrounding gender roles (Là ¼sted 12). In Fitzgerald’s novel the traditionalists are represented by the people of East Egg like Tom and Daisy Buchanan who come from money and do not really have to work in order to be successful. The modernists are repr esented by the people of West Egg such as Jay Gatsby and Nick Carraway who did not necessarily come from a lot of money and had to work in order to become successful. They are the people who have dreams and have to work hard in order to achieve those dreams. Much like how the traditionalists frequently did not see eye

Ethnicity and Race are significant problems in education Free Essays

string(45) " the instruction system has been structured\." There are many points to be discussed when mentioning to race and ethnicity in instruction, some of the points are in favor of ethnics and minority groups in instruction, whereas some points are against the thought. In this essay, I will show my points for both in favor and against, followed by illustrations and grounds in our mundane lives. One of the points for the thought of cultural minorities in instruction is extinguishing racism from schools and conveying kids up in a multi-cultural environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnicity and Race are significant problems in education or any similar topic only for you Order Now For illustration, 30-40-years ago, back when my parents were analyzing in the UK, I know my pa was one of the three people who wore a turban in the whole school, subsequently on this became two people, as he was picked on which so pressured him into cutting his hair. However, in today ‘s twenty-four hours and age there are evidently more cultural minority groups in schools which hence, gives more support and encouragement to other cultural minority groups. So holding multiracial groups whether they are pupils or instructors, has had a immense impact on Asians in peculiar as it had made them to be proud of who they are every bit good as non giving into peer force per unit area. On the other manus this could besides convey in negative encouragement as it could ensue in strong forces in-society or group ties. This could besides use to a functionalism position where they think that an single transmits values and beliefs, where these are indispensable constituents of societal make up and can take into the struggle position as groups in society are engaged in uninterrupted power battle for control of limited resources. Accents have proven to be a big obstruction with respects to cultural minorities in instruction, whether it is understanding both instructor ‘s and a pupil ‘s speech pattern. As we are all cognizant, communicating is a critical accomplishment today. It is non merely indispensable in larning but besides indispensable in maintain relationships. A difference in speech patterns could do a great degree of misinterpretation and the ability to larn at a much slower gait compared to other pupils, therefore impeding a pupil ‘s ability to larn from a instructors point of position, it will be hard and very clip devouring for his/her pupils to understand what is being taught. This could besides ensue in the instructor and/or pupils losing forbearance every bit good as assurance. However, contrary to that, there are many illustrations of some well-established people in the cultural minorities who have made a difference to people ‘s lives, every bit good as besides doing singular alterations to the universe. This highlights another point in favor of holding cultural minorities involved in instruction. For illustration Mahatma Ghandi and Martin Luther King, both preached non force, civil rights and equality. Although these people were non straight involved in instruction, they did hold a portion to play as they were sermonizers and taught wellbeing, which shows that they are instructors in educating people how to populate. Schools have started to learn about other faiths and other races, which mean that people now have a better thought and apprehension of different cultural backgrounds. This has caused peace and friendly relationship between races at school which has resulted in less communicating, less racial cause and force in schools. There are school athleticss squads which encourage all pupils of all backgrounds to take portion in, demoing equality and they are all given opportunities to take part and stand for their schools non based on their coloring material or background, but based on their single endowments, so excess course of study activities are utile and besides promote cultural minorities. Some schools and colleges have now besides built supplication suites to suit people of the Muslim religion. This consequences in instruction and society going multicultural, accepting people of all religions. This thought has a strong component of societal building, back uping an interactionist positio n as society is created through the interactions of persons and groups, where persons portion interpret their experiences which this influences others actions. School ‘s have been learning pupils about other spiritual festivals in other faiths e.g. Diwali and Eid to the extent, some schools bring in particular invitee talkers from the several faiths to acquire a full detailed, descriptive and an accurate overview of their festivals one time once more advancing multi-cultural positions in instruction. As we discussed earlier with respects to speech patterns, a batch is really stereotyped. For illustration we ‘see ‘ an person from the cultural minority and automatically presume what his address is like, what his intelligence is like. However as we have merely discovered, 2 of the universe ‘s greatest leaders have been of cultural beginnings and their speech pattern or them being stereotyped did non forestall them from accomplishing what they have achieved boulder clay day of the month. For case, Margaret Thatcher was the first female premier curate in England ; people thought that merely because she was a adult female, she could non win which they assumed. Again, same with Barack Obama the first African American president, people assumed the same. Persons did non cognize these people or even heard of them, but they still made their judgements and premises. Now, we have female professionals, Black leaders and besides Asiatic enterprisers where each of them are succ essful which leads me on to cite in my sentiment that there is no such thing as sexism or racism any longer. Furthermore, the thought of meritocracy could besides back up this as it theoretically ground tackles in equality and equity to carry through achieved position in society. This is expressed through the belief that there is ‘a flat playing field ‘ and with the purpose of those that achieve the best, merit the best occupations. Class and educational public presentation show a really close relationship, this has been the issue during the twentieth century regardless of how the instruction system has been structured. You read "Ethnicity and Race are significant problems in education" in category "Essay examples" Students from upper and in-between category backgrounds are well expected to travel into higher instruction than those from the working category backgrounds. This is because some on the job category parents do non stress instruction as a precedence to make good in life compared to upper or middle category parents. This could perchance be the ground why the working category underachieve and be put into lower groups. A known theoretician Bourdieu[ 1 ]specified that in-between category people are those that benefit as they have the right cultural capital, go throughing on civilization and the right attitudes and cognition to their kids, which shows that the more the cultural capital you have, the success ful you are within instruction. Marxism could travel against the thought of Bourdieu ‘s cultural capital, as Marxist believe that the instruction system is barbarous to the working category due to the fact that text books, and necessities for schools are merely bought by upper and middles categories as working category can non afford them ensuing that the working category will non larn. Another factor which affects societal category is labelling. Teachers label pupils harmonizing to their visual aspect, verbal communicating and societal category. From this instructors are more likely to judge a pupil and suit them into standards covertly. Education has encountered race and ethnicity jobs for several old ages. The uninterrupted educational issues affecting race and ethnicity of all schools will ever do contention in society, as there is ever prejudice and abomination. The usage of the two footings ‘race ‘ and ‘ethnicity ‘ is diverse. I think the two footings are misused as if they are equal. I besides agree that ‘race is non now, nor has it of all time been, merely about the physical description of human fluctuation. Since its beginning in Western scientific discipline in the 18th century, race has been used both to sort and to rank human existences harmonizing to inferior and superior types ‘[ 2 ]. Ethnicity is a group of people who are connected with each other through a common heritage for e.g. possibly through linguistic communication, civilization or an political orientation that emphasises lineage or intermarriage. Consequently, these groups of people are distinguished from other groups through signifiers such as racial, lingual, economic, spiritual and political affairs. Racial tenseness and favoritism became more evident towards the terminal of the twentieth century. This evoked important concerns, particularly in schools. Schools, for some are the last halt for social integrating and for others they it is the simplistic reply in decreasing racism and deriving sociableness between White persons and minority groups in society. Many argue that it is unreasonable to locate the duty for get the better ofing racism on the schools, peculiarly when other establishments have non accomplished in promoting better race dealingss. However, schools do hold the capableness to do an of import engagement to the betterment of racial force per unit area in society. Students spend a major fraction of their lives in school until they reach immature maturity. School consciousness takes topographic point at a point in pupils ‘ lives when they are most unfastened to socialization, attitude behavior, character patterned advance and new experiences. While attending at school is compulsory, some pupils are non entertained by school life. Even though schools may non be able to belie the racism that exists in society wholly, they do hold the opportunity and chance to consistently support and besides promote affirmatory societal dealingss towards pupils from all racial cultural groups. I think that for schools to assist sociabl eness and racial integrating pedagogues ought to be cognizant about the limitations and opportunities school policies and practises enforce on pupils about societal relationships. For instructors and decision makers their chief purpose is to give academic accomplishment for pupils, but their patterns and policies they implement to achieve their academic purposes can besides impact the possibility that pupils have multiracial interactions and organize multiracial friendly relationships. It has been shown by sociological research, every procedure of interpersonal attractive forces conducted by the societal descriptions of the background in which the connexions occur. Abolished school shows chiefly an accurate context. These schools have said to hold an cultural and racial composing, unwraping largely the general population. Furthermore, there is non a clear or a precise definition of desegregated schools.[ 3 ] On a day-to-day footing many kids have to cover with particular demands. However, non merely multiracial kids have to pull off with the common jobs of childhood and household fortunes, they besides have to cover with a state of affairs of individuality. It has been said that students that are cultural minority are farther expected to come across racism from other students and from people who are portion of a group of the broader society than from instructors. By any agencies these experiences of racism could worsen necessary letdown and choler from some cultural minority pupils, which teachers must be answered with penalty procedures, likely affecting pupil ‘s exclusion. In this aspect instructors are moving in reply to a state of affairs for which they are non responsible for themselves. I think that there is the slightest possibility that some schools may possibly are now more cognizant of equality of chances jobs and that they have developed and introduced policies in order to raise equality of chances for both cultural minority pupils and females. There are diverse representations for school pupils from different minority cultural groups. Asiatic backgrounds ( Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani ) are normally defined by the linguistic communications they speak and for that ground are seen as an bullying, socially every bit good as academically to white kids[ 4 ]. Asiatic and black kids were non deriving the opportunities and advantages from the British instruction system that most parents hoped for in the early 1970 ‘s[ 5 ]. I think that the concern for pupils of Asiatic beginning has fluctuated in some ways compared to black pupils, for illustration they have gained a positive stereotype as ‘perfect pupils ‘ . Cultural minorities are expected to belong to socio-economic groups ; this will therefore increase their educational failing. In 1996 Gillborn and Gipps[ 6 ]conducted a sum-up of the literature on the academic attainment of minority cultural group pupils and resulted that Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils, in add-on to African-Caribbean beginning were missing in accomplishment in relation to their white equals. However, on the other manus Indian pupils appeared to hold shown patterned advance and performed good compared to their equals. % demoing GCSE achievement five or more higher class base on ballss[ 7 ] Both educational advancement and accomplishments are non the same. It is likely for a figure of groups to do good betterments and yet still carry through lower criterion accomplishments. The belief of the school is of import but societal background is of much larger importance. On the other manus small grounds for different school influences for cultural minorities. This suggests that same schools are chiefly effectual for cultural minority pupils. An intensifying measure of research has determined on schoolrooms and pupil-teacher interactions. The consequences often raise indispensable inquiries sing the manner in which pupils are understanding and sing schooling. It was non until 2003 that the authorities foremost published statistics demoing GCSE pass-rates across different cultural groups. Statisticss show that Indian, Chinese, and African-Asian students systematically have higher degrees of accomplishment than other cultural groups across all the Key Stages. In contrast, Black, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Gypsy/traveller students systematically have lower degrees of attainment than other cultural groups across all the Key Stages. It is critical to recognize that there is major single distinction in accomplishment within each group. Bangladeshi and Black Caribbean pupils will make highly good and several Chinese pupils will non win. Still, authorized consequences were published in November 2007 screening that Black pupils were reasoning the educational spread at GCSE. The statistics of Black Caribbean pupils achieving five sensible General certificate of secondary education has revealed about twice the national rise, meaning that the spread has lessened by 8 % points within four old ages. A point to do about the modern-day instruction system is that the least achieving group in footings of deriving five A*-C classs at GCSE is white propertyless male childs. I think that if bulk of Black pupils are below wining so it certain inquiries sing the instruction system. Institutionally, is the instruction system racialist? Harmonizing to research I think that good and sensible practise in early old ages of instruction should attach learning with cultural and community, besides personal values to organize a ‘shared acquisition brush ‘ between the instructor and the parents of a pupil in order to attest top results for all pupils. Personally, the ‘race concern ‘ can non be dealt within a individual country. The instruction system entirely can non give all the replies, even though it does hold the opportunity and the duty to do critical engagement towards the formation of a better society. Again, instruction in other states, e.g. Africa or India is more of import for the pupil to interrupt out of poorness where the lone manner forward is instruction which will give them accomplishments to break them and finally do a difference. However, here in UK, I feel that pupils take advantage of instruction as it is mandatory and do non appreciate it. Racism is considered as a ‘permanent fixture[ 8 ]‘ of society, accordingly meaning that racism is ever an of import factor within the argument and evidently there it is non required to do comprehendible that it continues. The critical race theory as a consequence seeks to stand for and oppugn racism in its different signifiers. The critical race theory is a manner of looking at race dealingss, particularly in the USA, in a extended context compared to the conventional civil rights. Its intent is to convey uncertainness towards broad thoughts of objectiveness or colour-blindness and come up to proving race affairs which, it claims it can still beef up Whites ‘ reaction. As you can see, many points have been detailed above in relation to race and ethnicity in instruction, both for and against. After careful consideration and analysis, I believe it is better for there to be other races and cultural minorities involved in instruction today. It can be seen that points ‘against ‘ are easy overcome and are therefore negligible in comparing to the points ‘for ‘ . The fact that we have grounds that proves holding a multicultural environment in schools is better for people ‘s assurance and to enabling them to lodge to their cultural beliefs, is a definite ground to back up my sentiment, and goes hand-in-hand with what the great leaders such as Martin Luther King and Mahatma Ghandi taught and lived for. Possible ways of how we can better the ‘race and ethnicity state of affairs ‘ in instruction is by promoting and enabling engagement of ethnics in instruction. This will let doing an betterment to the universe and peoples ‘ every bit good as pupils lives, last but non least it will better the quality of instruction overall. Again, we have seen how large reputable leaders such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King have had a immense presence in the instruction and civil rights countries, and by utilizing them as graven images and illustrations, we can promote more cultural minority groups to step up and makes alterations for the better, demoing equality amongst races. How to cite Ethnicity and Race are significant problems in education, Essay examples

Maintenance of Capital Doctrine

Question: Discuss about the Maintenance of Capital Doctrine. Answer: Introduction: The concept of maintenance of capital is an element of the company law which regulates the amount of capital that should be held. For instance, any company must hold and not go below its capital. The reason behind this is that the liability of the stakeholders should not be compromised in case the company is faced with bankruptcy issues. Therefore the doctrine was designed to safeguard the continuity of the business as well as to cater for the interest of the creditors. Creditors play a crucial role in the success of any business because they offer credit to the companies which is paid back with interest. (Monk, 2009) From the above introduction, we may attribute the origin of the capital maintenance doctrine to two fronts. One of them is the interest of the creditors as mentioned above. Secondly, the assets factor should be considered and the manner in which they can be dispersed leads to the origin of the doctrine. (Ranganathan, 2013). The judicial implications in the matter provide the relationship between the two fronts, in that the court enforces the law for a company to hold a given amount of capital which will favor creditors in future. In the event that a company is unable to pay debts out of its investment returns, the creditors would employ this doctrine to claim their dues in that the capital reserves would be used to clear the debts. For this reason, companies are prohibited from paying back the shareholder contribution and instead pay dividends from the profits that have been accrued. (Spillane, 2010) The capital maintenance doctrine has been developed over time using case precedence and legislation. Scholars across the world, for example Jessel M.R of England are credited for designing this doctrine. His ruling in the Flitcrofts case was a land mark step. Other remarkable scholars included Trevor and Whitworth who cited a case whereby a company repossessed part its shares from the shareholders against the company law. (Spillane, 2010). After the transaction, one of the shareholders claimed more payment from the company and he had his way. The courts interpretation was that no company was allowed to buy its shares since that amounted to reduction of capital. Furthermore, the court went ahead to conclude that creditors must be considered while winding up a company. Consequently, this forms the only event under which a company can refund the capital to the shareholders. (Ranganathan, 2013) Unlike other economies, the Australian government has taken a different turn regarding the issue of the capital maintenance doctrine. There are no strict measures concerning the amount of capital to be held by a company. Due to these liberal ideologies, Australian legislators have posed arguments that border on various issues that should be addressed first. They consider this doctrine as oppressive and feel that questions of company solvency and revelation of some material information should be availed to the shareholders. The final opinion about the Australian law is that they should consider incorporating the doctrine in their laws because the country anticipates many investors who come from other parts of the world and would need the kind of protection that the doctrine offers. (McChesney, 2012) References McChesney W.A (2012). The New Generation of Risk Management for Hedge Funds and Private Equity Investments. Cengage Learning. Boston, Massachusetts Monk, E.W. (2009). Monopoly-Finance Capital and the Paradox of Accumulation. John Wiley and Sons Ranganathan, C.I. (2013). Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. Cambridge University Press, New York Spillane, J.B. (2010). Forms of Capital and the Construction of Leadership. European Operational Research

12 Angry Men Essays (1042 words) - Fiction, Film, Literature

12 Angry Men This essay will compare & contrast the protagonist/antagonist's relationship with each other and the other jurors in the play and in the movie versions of Reginald Rose's 12 Angry Men. There aren't any changes made to the key part of the story but yet the minor changes made in making the movie adaptation produce a different picture than what one imagines when reading the drama in the form of a play. First off, the settings in the movie are a great deal more fleshed out. In the play, the scene begins with the jurors regarding the judge's final statements concerning the case in the courtroom and then walking out into the jury room. In the movie, the audience is placed in the role of the invisible casual observer, who for perhaps the first 5 minutes of the movie, walks throughout the court building passing other court rooms, lawyers, defendants, security officers, elevators, etc. Not able to remember much about this particular part of the movie, I believe this introductory scene's purpose was to either enhanced the realism of the setting by emphasizing the court building's efficient, business like manner or to provide a timeslot in which to roll the credits for producer, director, stars, etc. The settings aren't only built upon through use of scenery and extras in the movie. Invisible and distant in the play, we see in the movie the judge, bailiff, those witnessing the trial and mo st importantly of all- the defendant. This is an important change because in the play, we are free to come up with our own unbiased conclusions as to the nature and identity of the defendant, whom we only know to a be a 19 year boy from the slums. Seeing his haggard and worn face in the movie changes all of that, yet for better or worse, it engages the audience deeper into the trial as they surely will sympathize with him and can gain some insight into why, later, Juror 8 does so as well. Of final note in this summary of points concerning the differences in setting, the jurors all mention the heat wave affecting the city when they begin, and as it agitates them, it serves to heighten the tension between each other and their resentment or other feelings towards jury duty. Oh- also lastly, I think we can infer that the movie takes place in Manhattan, New York City. Which jurors are from which boroughs is easily obvious and yet I'm hesitant to say that the defendant could be from any o f them- slums were persistent in those times. Concerning the characterization of the cast and their conflicts with each other, the movie holds true to the play's guidelines. For the most part, each character I saw in the movie matched up with the picture my mind's eye had painted whilst I was reading the play. One thing irked me however: all the jurors seemed at least 10 years older that I had imagined them. For instance, I had seen Juror 8- the protagonist of the play and Juror 3- his rival, the antagonist as being perhaps 30-ish or so and spirited and vibrant in their arguments. While somewhat vibrant they were, their age made them seem to come across as being more stubborn and grumpy (at least in, Juror 3's case) than lively. Even Juror 2- the meek, weak and timid-spoken one, I thought would be so because of the age disparity between him and the older (and thus, supposedly- wiser) jurors. Yet he is portrayed as such a man but balding and smoking a pipe. His voice, however, fit nicely to its role. The conflicts in the movie, w hile also being more fleshed out than in the play, did match up essentially but there was one point- I thing just before Juror 8 asks for the diagram of the apartment- that the movie's directors took the liberty to take dialogue from later in the play and put it there, greatly confusing me and hampering my ability to follow along. In analyzing the differences in the antagonist's and protagonist's relationship with each other and the other jurors, it too held to the play's guidelines with the various alliances

Medical Dilemma of David Burns Essay Example

Medical Dilemma of David Burns Essay Example Medical Dilemma of David Burns Paper Medical Dilemma of David Burns Paper Essay Topic: Emma Medical The case of David Burns presents a clinical picture of a patient suffering from a respiratory disorder. Using a cephalocaudal approach of physical assessment, the client demonstrated some signs and symptoms that provide a clearer picture of the medical condition he is enduring. The client has yellow teeth that signify tar build-up due to chronic smoking. Evidence of mild jugular vein distention is also evident refers to an increase in blood volume, or prresence of any abnormalities and obstructions to the normal pathway of blood. Manifestations like shortness of breath, mild dyspnea while talking, use of accessory muscles at rest, and pursed lip breathing may indicate inadequate oxygen intake. The subsistence of yellow sputum denotes infection. Barrel chest or an increase in the anterior posterior (AP) diameter of the chest may mean air trapping. Percussion over the lung fields conjointly revealed ubiquity of hyperresonant sounds that indicate air trapping. Decreased breath sounds may signify overinflation of lungs, presence of air or fluid around the lungs, reduced air flow to a part of the lung, or increased in chest wall thickness. Tactile fremitus is increased whhich denotes lung tissue consolidation. In addition, a +2 pitting edema on the legs may mean venous obstruction or blood pooling. Diverse respiratory diseases can be concluded if presented with these signs and symptoms. Shortness of breath is usually associated with respiratory, circulatory or cardiac problems. If consorted with body malaise, low-grade fever, and expectorating yellow sputum, it may imply chronic bronchitis. Difficulty of breathing, productive coughing as well as a profound increase in the anterior posterior diameter of the chest wall are symptoms related with emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Moreover, hyperresonant percussion, decreased breath sounds, and increased tactile fremitus suggest the same cconditions. David Burns also underwent some neccessary laboratory examinations to aid in diagnosing the disease. The clients blood test showed a decrease in the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit. An increase in lung compliance makes it unable for the lungs to expel carbon dioxide resulting in a build-up, which subsequently lowers the oxygen level in the blood. Low oxygenation level prevents the hemoglobin in getting enough oxygen, thereby resulting in pale microcytic red blood cells and low hemoglobin. This correspondingly lowers the hematocrit because a low hematocrit reflects a low number of circulating red blood cells and is an indicator of a decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity (Wennecke, 2004). Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) is also examined and interpreted as respiratory acidosis. In his condition, the production of carbon dioxide occurs rapidly, and failure of ventilation promptly increases the partial arterial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). Alveolar hypoventilation leads to an increased PaCO2 which, in turn, decreases the bicarbonate (HCO3 -)/PaCO2, decreasing the pH (Minaoui, 2009). Taking into consideration the case of David Burns, chronic smoking is the main factor why he manifested these signs and symptoms. The habit of smoking causes an introduction of irritants to the airways which causes an inflammation. The inflammatory process results to fever and release of chemical mediators such as bradykinin, histamine and prostaglandin, which then increases the capillary permeability. The mechanism resulted in fluid or cellular exudation which in turn causes edema of the mucous membrane. Hypersecretion of mucus follows which accounts for the clients productive cough. Smoking also causes the build-up of nicotine, which is a strong vasoconstrictor. It makes arteries all over the body become smaller making it harder for the heart to pump through the constricted arteries (Spitzer, 2001) to the sytemic circulation, and then back to the heart. Therefore, blood has a tendency to pool down on the lower extremities causing hydrostatic pressure to rise which later results to edema. Since blood vessels are constricted, it would be very difficult for some parts of the human body to have enough oxygen. The condition is further aggravated by the fact that smoking lowers the hemoglobin level in the blood, therefore lowering the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. The brain will sense the low oxygen saturation, which then signals the lungs to work faster. This event is responsible for the clients increase in respiratory rate. However, air is trapped considering that there are constricted airways due to the inflammatory process in the lungs. The AP diameter protracts due to an increase in lung compliance, which in turn increases the thoracic pressure. Consequently, the chest expands anteriorly making the it look like a barrel. The disease process, which can lead to unexpected complications, needs medications for treatment and relief of symptoms. With David Burns case, he needs to deal with several classes of medications. Steriods may be prescribed to halt down the inflammatory process. Inhaled corticosteroids have been found to improve symptoms and decrease the frequency of COPD exacerbations, with less systemic effects than oral corticosteroids (Donohue, 2006). Antibiotics may be prescribed to counteract infection. Bronchodilators are also used to help open the bronchial tubes (airways) of the lungs, allowing more air to flow through them. Bronchodilators work by relaxing the smooth muscles that line the airways. This makes the airways open wider and allows air to leave the lungs (Ross-Flannigan, 2002), thus, lowering and preventing build up of intrathoracic pressure.

Issues in corporate finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Issues in corporate finance - Assignment Example Most important, companies have to understand the value of trading-off aspects of capital because such practise results to better performance. The trade-off theory of capital structure maintains the positive relationship between earnings and leverage. Empirical evidences, however, argue that such observation is fallible (Sarkar and Zapatero, 2003). Despite the contradicting outcomes, trade-off has considered as valuable mechanism in gauging corporate revenues. In most instances, the trade-off theory has consistently predicted information related to debt structure. The theory suggests that weak firms are more inclined to finance exclusively with bank debts. Apparently, weak firms tend to ignore other debt sources in particular public debts. Another important idea posited by the theory is that the optimal debt structure seen among strong firms pertains to combinations of bank and market debt. Basically, strong firms have become adept in successfully managing both bank and market debts. It has to be noted that the nature of both debts are differently perceived. Strong firms have the capacity to acquire different forms of debt instruments because of their financial scope. In uncertain markets, the strategy of using varied debt mechanisms allow strong firms to be more flexible in handling risks. According to Brealey and Meyers (2000), the trade-off theory pu... Furthermore, critics claim that the theory is ill-equipped to justify relevant practises. The concept developed by Modigliani and Miller (1958) revolves on the market imperfections that eventually affect capital structures. Indeed, market imperfections occur in several forms. The most prominent observed among firms include taxes, market distresses, and agency costs. For most firms, the challenge is to create an optimal capital structure when these market imperfections emerge. The theory assumes that after a certain firm establishes the optimal combination of financial resources all succeeding financing is raised in the same proportion of debt and equity financing. This, however, is expected to vary in the method of reporting and practising. Among publicly trading companies, Houston and James (1996) observed that there is an insignificant use of market debt. The percentage of non-market debt among listed companies is greater in value as evident in the majority of firms preferring non-market debt. In addition, the listed firms that use market debts show that non-market debts still occupy the most shares on the overall debt. Johnson (1997) pointed out that the long-term debt structure suggests better use of market debts. Among the users of market debt, more than half of the total long-term debt is considered as market issued. Trade-off has usually been used to determine financing decisions. Traditionally, firms either maintain a target capital structure or follow the hierarchy of financing. Pinegar and Wilbritch (1989) conducted a survey on firms belonging to the Fortune 500 on their financing preference. Based on the results, majority of the firms listed in Fortune 500 have been using target capital structure to

Are the Beliefs and Traditions of the Catholic Church Outdated for Research Paper

Are the Beliefs and Traditions of the Catholic Church Outdated for Todays Culture and Society - Research Paper Example And the Church’s cover-up of perverted priests who rape and molest young children is evil and has no place in today’s world. For all of these reasons, the Catholic Church, and the Church’s teachings, does not have a realistic place in today’s society, except for the teachings which are aligned with Jesus, which are based on loving and respecting one another. Discussion The Catholic Church is outmoded in today’s society because of their firm opposition to gay marriage. For instance, a Catholic School teacher was fired in Minnesota, simply because she believed in same-sex marriage (Sobel, 2012). The opposition to homosexual acts is rooted in The Bible, Leviticus 20:13 is the scripture upon which religious institutions base their opposition to homosexuality in general, and same-sex marriage in particular, for this passage states that a man who lies with another man is committing an abomination. However, to be consistent in their religious teachings, th e Catholic Church must abide by all of the scriptures in this Book, or none at all. If one scripture can be said to be irrelevant, or not apply, because the scripture was only referring to ancient times, then the same must be said for all of the Biblical passages. Biblical passages must not be sorted through and religions cannot pick and choose which scripture to enforce, and which ones to ignore. Therefore, some Biblical passages must be illuminated to show the inconsistency of using the Leviticus passage to justify The Catholic Church’s discriminatory response to homosexuals and gay marriage. The most obvious example of an outmoded scripture is Exodus 35:2, which states that the seventh day must be kept holy, and a day to worship the lord, and whoever works on this day shall be put to death. There is not a religious institution in the world, presumably, who follows this edict, and imagine the society that would. Doctors, fire fighters, emergency workers – none of the se individuals would be allowed to work if this Biblical passage would not be followed. Therefore, one better not have a heart attack on a Sunday, one better not accidentally set their house on fire on that day, one better not be a victim of a crime on that day, and one better not get into an accident on this day, because nobody should be allowed to work. The doctors who care for the sick, the firefighters who put out fires, and the police who catch criminals on Sunday should all be put to death for violating the edict regarding the Sabbath. Ridiculous? Well, as noted above, either all scriptures are taken literally or none of them are. If this scripture regarding the Sabbath cannot be taken literally, or dismissed as being antiquated, then so must the scripture regarding the two men who lie with one another. Moreover, the Catholic Church’s discriminatory stance against same-sex marriage has led to another situation where individuals are treated as other or less-than, and not allowed to marry a person of their choice, just because the Catholic Church and other churches teach that this is wrong. This essentially takes the nation back to the days before Loving v. Virginia, 388 US 1 (1967), which is the United States Supreme Court case which stated that anti-miscegenation statutes are an unconstitutional restriction on the freedom to marry. Before this case, states had laws on the books making interracial fornicating a crime, along with miscegenation. The arguments against miscegenation were that such

Multinational corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Multinational corporations - Essay Example As a result, laws, economies, and social movements are forming at the international level. Many politicians, academics, and journalists treat these trends as both inevitable and (on the whole) welcome. But for billions of the world's people, business-driven globalization means uprooting old ways of life and threatening livelihoods and cultures. The global social justice movement, itself a product of globalization, proposes an alternative path, more responsive to public needs. Intense political disputes will continue over globalization's meaning and its future direction" (Global Policy Forum) "The term globalization refers to the process of global integration of the economies of nations by allowing the unrestricted flow of goods, services, investments and currencies between countries. Nation states pursued globalization in the hope that this would lead to prosperity. They believed that globalization would bring them agricultural modernization, industrialization, urbanization, and hyper-consumerism resulting in increases of per capita gross domestic product (GDP). Unfortunately, such developments have often been accompanied by increasing social and environmental destruction throughout the world. The process of globalization is having unprecedented impacts, both positive and negative, on life at the individual, village, town, city and national levels" (Center for Alternative Development Initiatives). Globalization traces its roots on the modern economic concepts popularized by economists such as David Ricardo. Particularly, it has its foundation on the "principles of comparative advantage" which supports international trade (Mankiw). Introduced by David Ricardo in 1817 through his book On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, comparative advantage posits that trade can create value for both countries even if one has the fewer resources in the production of all goods. Using the production possibilities frontier, Ricardo was able to prove this, achieving a significant breakthrough in the field of international economics. Practically, Ricardo believes that given the situation, both countries can still gain by having the less efficient country specialize in the production and exportation of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smallest and import the product in which it has its greatest absolute disadvantage. The commodity in which one country has the least absolute disadvantage can be thought of as one in which it has the comparative advantage. The gains are realized as both countries specialize in the production of commodity in which it has the least opportunity cost (Mankiw). The Gains from Trade: A Simple Numerical Example To facilitate understanding of the gains from trade, we cite the example from the Principles of Macroeconomics book of N. Gregory Mankiw. Given that it takes 20 hours for farmer to produce 1 lb of meat and 10 hours to produce 1 lb of potato, and 1 hour for rancher to produce 1 lb. of potato and 8 hours to produce 1 pound of meat, we construct the table for a 40-hour work schedule. Source: Mankiw, N.Gregory. Principles of Macroeconomics. Orlando, Florida: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998. Obviously, the rancher has the absolute advantage in the production of both meat and potatoes. The rancher may advice the farmer to produce potato alone, while he does meat production at longer hours than production of potato. The table below shows the beneficial

Four Models Of Public Relations Media Essay

Four Models Of Public Relations Media Essay The four models of public relations and communication are practiced by J. Grunig and Hunt in year 1984. At that time, many scholars of public relations are doing the research of how these four models are practiced by public relations practitioners and why they practiced. The four models are press agentry model, public information model, two-way asymmetrical model and two-way symmetrical model. They described how public relations practitioners to be effectively and ethically practiced by offers a normative theory in two-way symmetrical model. Mixed-motive public relations were practice with combine the two-way symmetrical model and two-way asymmetrical model. In 1975, the first study on the behaviour of public relations was done by J. Grunig, he categorised it and published the result in 1976. The study is telling about how the communication functions is perform in the different way by the public relations practitioners and why their behaviour is not alike. In order to categorise the different behaviour of public relations, an excellent public relations model was introduced in which how they are practice. Although there is no any representation can be perfectly described the reality of the world, but it is still a need to come out a model for people to understand and work on it. Model is defined as a set of values and a schema of behaviour practiced by public relations practitioners and public relations department in organising their programmes and campaigns. The different kind of public relations have been describing by the historians and some other textbooks authors with some coarse terms. For instance, according to historian Eric Goldman (1948), press agentry model in the early era was named as the public be fooled and public information theory was named as public be informed. The one-way and two-way communication also named like the same manner in the textbooks by Cutlip and Centers in the first edition in 1952. J. Grunig stated one-way and two-way models of communication in his first study of the behaviour of public relations with included the direction and purpose of communication. Synchronic and diachronic communication are the concepts took by J. Grunig from Thayers (1968) which is the behaviour used by particular organisation to practiced it all the time in order to isolated from any interference. While the diachronic communication is used to maintain mutual affairs of organisation to not only benefit the organisation itself but also their public. A study of Grunig (1976) claimed that synchronic and diachronic communication were too simplified and as plain as daylight to described the behaviour of public relations after he measured the practice of sixteen public relations activities in around two hundred of organisations in the area of Baltimore-Washington such as press releases writing, counselling the leaders, planning a program, evaluation on a program etc. After that, he comes out the asymmetrical model and symmetrical model to replace synchronic and diachronic models with understand the purpose of public relations to balance up the communication and effect between the organisation and its public. The four models of public relations and communication are leading and bringing the researchers to understand their behaviour in practicing like advertising or campaign. The models are using until today is because they are effective to convey the particular message from the sender to the receiver which is the organisation to their public. They are using these models in order to achieve their objectives of placing their message in media. Press agentry model is intended to get favourable attention in media. Public information model is use to inform the public like a fact, it is frequently used by the non-profit organisations, education institutions, government agencies and some other corporations. Two-way asymmetrical model is a persuasion and manipulation which aimed to influence the public to act in the way organisations desire. Two-way symmetrical model is attempted to achieve a win-win situation which build mutual understanding between the organisation and its public (Kellimatthews, 2009). Press Agentry Model Introduction Press agentry model was the earliest PR model. It comes out in the late 19th century (Grunig Hunt, 1984). The heyday of this model from 1850 to 1900 and P.T. Barnum was the representative of the historical figure (Chao, 2012). Press agentry model is one-way communication as the flow of information that is from the sender to the receiver which known as source-to-receiver communication. People who send out the message are not much take no account of second partys response, comment, point of view and so on. Press agentry attempts to alter the act of publics whereas do not have the intention to change the behavior of the organization. Public relations whose are under press agentry struggle for publicity in the media in almost any way possible. Practitioners of press agentry have included so-called fathers of modern PR, Ivy Lee and Edward Bernays. In the early 20th Century, both were Broadway press agents, when Broadway was the capital of the entertainment world, before moving on. Bernays move into constructed news that accounts for audience perceptions and biases is a sophisticated form of press agentry. His 1915 80-page press packet for the Diaghilev Ballet Russe American tour was an early example, and his work in 1932 publicizing autos for General Motors with testimonials from business and academic leaders was more elaborate. Press agents had done a research by monitoring the media in which they sought to post favorable articles related to their clients. Besides that, the American impresario P. T. Barnum is the prototype practitioner of this model at the same time he also promoted circuses and other entertainment venues such as the singer Jenny Lind. In Press Agentry publicity model, public relations expects increases the reputation of the organization to their target audience, stakeholders, employees, partners, all other affiliated with it through managements. In additions, this model hiring public relations expects who established a positive reputation of their brand and states in the minds of the audiences through arguments and reasons. Their potential customers had influence by simply imposing creative stories of their brand, idea, thoughts and USPs of the products. Although J. Grunig and Hunt claims that the public-relations-like activities completely history, they argues that the press agents used the first name in the mid-19th century and it specialists to the practice of public relations. Andrew Jackson, Daniel Boone, Buffalo Bill Cody, and Calamity Jane whos practiced the press agentry model of public relations as such heroes. Furthermore, P.T. Barnum, the most prominent practitioner and skillfully presented his circus performers by using the axiom which is There is a sucker born every minute. Moreover, Curiosity and skepticism played as important role in the process of successful for the press agentry model. Butterick (2009) recommended that when we read the tabloid newspaper, we can just take a look to the inner editorial pages, the new movie or CD is launched to see the press agentry model. Therefore, Press agents like Max Clifford who responsible as masters of the industry and carefully managing the media coverage of their customers. He also claims that even the so-called exclusive pictures of semi-naked celebrities on a beach in a Sunday newspaper can sometimes be the result of a collusion between the stars publicist and photographer. Nowadays, press agentry model is still using in our society. It can easily clarify that the ethics which involved to this model are highly questionable at the same time the admission from Grunig Hunt announced that the model there are an characteristics of propaganda attached to distil the negative connotations (Butterick, 2009). However, it is eventually shows that the curiosity and skepticism of it which make sure the press agentry model is still working and prominent in modern day. Although it is a modern day, PR practitioner should be more familiar with the truth, the foundations of this model still exist whether it be to publicize a sporting event, a theatre production, or the scariest film of the decade, as in the recent movie release Paranormal Activity (2009). We, the public, will either want to believe what we see, or find out for ourselves if our scepticism can be improved correct that why this model is still working for practitioners seeking to gain the illusive media spo tlight in 21st Century. Press agentry is closely associated with publicity in the entertainment world. Press agentry is the practice of attracting the attention of the press through technique that manufactures news. Methods associated with press agentry include staged events, publicity stunts, faux rallies or gatherings, spinning, and hype. A common practice is the late 1800s and early 1900s, press agentry is not part of mainstream public relations. Rather, it is a practice primarily associated with major entertainment-related events, such as Hollywood premieres and boxing matches. The goal of press agentry is to attract attention rather than gain understanding. Even today, however, the term press agent is sometimes used interchangeably with publicist in traditional Broadway Theater and motion picture industries. Todays entertainment industries are populated with publicists rather than press agents. Publicists are individuals skilled in media relations who attempt to get the name of their clients or events in the media by carefully constructing messages that inform, educate, and persuade. Some are astute in branding and positioning strategies to aid the careers and success of their clients. In contrast, press agents want attention either good or bad in most any form. Press agentry had been called persuasion for short-term advantage through the use of truth bending and even distortion, but it can also be simply the staging of provocative acts to get publicity and draw attention to an individual, event, or cause. Therefore, it is understandable that one of the earliest proponents of press agentry was Phineas Taylor (P.T) Barnum, the famed American showman and promoter who put gun Gen. Tom Thumb on exhibit and launched a mobile circus featuring Jumbo the elephant and freak shows. Barnum was a master of press agentry. For instance, he wrote letters both praising and criticizing his circus show to newspaper under an assumed name. In the early part of his career, Edward L. Bernays was also a master of press agentry. He persuaded 10 debutantes to hold up Lucky Strike cigarettes manufactured by his client, the American Tobacco Company, as torches of freedom while participating in New Yorks Easter parade. In 1929, Bernays staged a global news event by organizing the Lights Golden Jubilee, a worldwide celebration commemorating the 50th anniversary of the electric light bulb for his client, General Electric. Bernays managed to secure several prominent individuals for that event, including carmaker Henry Ford, electricity scientist Thomas Edison, and President Herbert Hoover. Henry Rogers, one of the founders of Rogers and Cowan, the largest and most successful West Coast entertainment publicity firm, became famous when he promoted an unknown contract player for Columbia Pictures named Rita Hayworth. A fictitious group of Look magazine from the Fashion Couturiers Association of America asserts that Hayworth was the best-dressed off-screen actress after Henry contact with them. Look magazine took the bait and put Hayworth on the cover and published 10 pages of her photographs. Characteristic Press agentry is ink. A sales-driven approach does whatever it takes to get exposure for clients in the media without resorting to paid advertising. Press agentry is not above truth-bending or lying to reach its pragmatic objective. It will make up facts if it needs to do so. It is persuasion for short-term advantage. Press agentry will not dissolve because it is a long term job of PR. Press agentry has convert its operation with the value of ethnics for more than 10 years ago. It made a balance within getting exposure and maintaining the reality for fact. However, getting exposure will be serving as first if there are any failures. Press agentry relies on spin. It is interpreting facts to fit ones view and to get media coverage. Christopher Buckleys hilarious novel, Thank You for Smoking lampoons this type of practitioner brilliantly, and post-presidential debate commentary from Democrats and Republicans is a quadrennial example of spinning. Press agentry includes any technique that manufactures news which are publicity stunts, faux surveys, fake committees, constructed events and other tactics practitioners continue to use. Propaganda classified as one of the characteristic of press agentry model (Grunig Hunt, 1984). The term of propaganda in press agentry model, refer to PR practitioner exaggerate and more hype than facts in order to get publicity for their client. They will not care the public feedback and just want the public behave as they want. According to the academics such as Butterick (2009), Theaker (2004), and Johnston Zawawi (2004), when create news to influence the audience, the precision and reliability are be compromised through the way of stunts or specific publicity seeking. PR practitioners use various types of PR tool to make sure that audience take a specific course of action and behave what they wish. This type of practitioners will go into press agents (Butterick, 2009). Public Information Model Public information model is one of the four models of public relation. It is the second earliest model. It is a one-way communication model. This model is revolved from half-truths to more ethical practices. This model aims to inform the public. It involves the sender who sends message or information and receiver who receives the message of the information. The model involves little of research, on contrary, the readability and readership is quite high. The model mainly practices by the government, non-profit association and business. According to Grunig Hunt (1984, pp. 22), the purpose is the dissemination of information necessarily with persuasive intent. The public relations person objectively reports information about the organisation to the public. Unlike the press agentry model, public information model focus more on the distribution of information than creating news. It intended to give clear and factual information to the audience. One of the examples of the public information in Malaysia is the declarations of Deputy Chief Minister Lim Guan Eng and the state executive councillors on the assets they owned. The news was published in the early year of 2012. They had reviewed about their investments, fixed deposit, loans, shares, houses, cars, property like shop lots and others (The Star Online, 2012). This action had showed that Lim Guan Eng and the state executive councillors had practised the public information model. They tell the truthful information to the public through media. They let the people to get informed about their personal assets. They try to be transparent which shows their fair and honesty in ruling the state. Ivy Lees, one of the earliest public relations practitioners, was the first to use the public information model. He was advising a railway company to be honest to the public and media regarding the accidents on the railways. The reputation of the company had risen. Further, it had increased the public information models value especially for the crisis management (Americanessays, 2011). Some statements argue that the transmission of honest and truthful in managing the crisis is vital though it is not only the way in the method in crisis management. Telling the truth to the public may bring deficit to the company. However, the appropriate management of crisis and adequate apologise would give a better reputation than closing the truth (Americalessays, 2011). As for the crisis in the Malaysia context was the crisis faced by the MAS Sdn. Bhd. This is the news reported in The Sydney Morning Herald, an Australia online newspaper titled, Malaysia Airlines in crisis after loss. This is issue started in 2005. MAS was facing the financial crisis and this issue reviewed to the public about the reason. This online press reported the amount of the loss like the loss of 2.52 billion ringgit and the problems faced for the flights like the competition with other airlines like AirAsia. The company told the truth story of the crisis to the public which this action may bring damage to the company and the reputation of the company may fall. This shows that the company serves the public by telling the truth. It put the public before its company. This goes same for the press that published the news. The press practises the public information model in this particular case. The press serves not only for the business company, it also reserve the right of the p ublic to know the facts and truth (The Sydney Morning Herald, 2012). As the example above, these days, the other companies like the media company also practice the public information model, even though the model is applied the government, non-profit association and business in the past. There is a statistic showed that this model has the highest percentage of 50% of the organisation practicing this model nowadays (Theaker, 2004, 2nd ed.). The tools such as the press release, brochure, flyers, the web content, and others are used to distribute the information to the public (Thoughsleeding, 2008). The information that will be included in the distribution materials are the details of the company, products, testimonial, success stories and others. Promotion and publicity of the companies are aimed to be spread among the target audience. Though the main objective of the public information model is to disseminate the information to the public, this model does not pursue to persuade the public nor change their attitudes. It should be benefiting the public the most. However, some of the companies have the other motives. They wish to publicise their company, products and services, build brand awareness and brand image, position the brand, and others (Management study guide, 2012). This model is still practicing and it is highly practised by the public in nowadays. This had indirectly showed that the model has certain effectiveness in communication. The following will be discussing the model with the government agencies about how they utilise this model in producing the respective news to the public. The present Prime Minister, YAB Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak had announced the 1Malaysia concept. The government had put much effort in publicising the concept especially to educate and to inform the public about the concept. The effort can be seen in the Malaysia mainstream media, such as radio, newspaper and television. Newspaper is the tool that used the most often to transmit the vital and detail information about 1Malaysia concept. In the one of the mainstream newspaper, The Star, 1Malaysia is strongly publicised. The Star is used to inform the public about the announcement of the plans and programmes under 1Malaysia. The most popular 1Malaysia plan is the 1Malaysia Grocery Shops. The Star published about the details about the shop like the location, grocery items sold, the pricing list, business hours and other information. This is to educate rather to inform the public about the groceries in 1Malaysia. (The Star Online, 2012) The mainstream media are indirectly linked with the Malaysia government. The content is sometimes bias and being controlled. The publishing of 1Malaysia concept seems as one of the controlled content of news. This can be argued be as the agenda setting. The media emphasise and report a lot of news about 1Malaysia. It seems like the media shape and directs the public to think about the grocery shop (Mohd. Adnan Hashim, 2011). In addition, the news published is rather good news. This had made the public to believe that the 1Malaysia grocery shops are well running and this will gain confidence and support. There are other government plans are also like the New Economic Model, Vision 2020, Green Technology and other government plans. They are mostly used as public information model and agenda setting. Asymmetrical Model Asymmetrical model include one-way asymmetrical and two-way asymmetrical. One-way symmetrical model doesnt use any research to find out what the public perceive a particular organisation. However, the organisation doesnt change anyway but intend to persuade and manipulate the public to behave and to support in the way the organisation wish to. Two-way asymmetrical model also known as scientific persuasion as the model is use social science methods to produce more and more persuasive communication. This model usually focuses on the achievement of changing the audiences behaviour and attitude in short period of time. Communication under this model is two-way which is from the organisation to its publics, there is also gain the feedback from the public. The main purpose to gain the publics feedback is solely to help the organisation place their message in a more acceptable way by the public (Grunig Hunt, 1984). For instance, many of the cosmetics companies are less or even not to use t he animal to test their products as they found out that the consumers are tend to pay more concern towards the animal and environment. They try to approach to the consumers with the aim to place them approach to companies point of view (Shirley Harrison, n.d.). According to the historical studies of Olasky (1987, 1989) shows that the success of propagandists at World War II, Bernays believed that humans are can be manipulated. He mentioned mention that humans can be manipulated for the bad purpose as well as good purpose. However, Grunig (1989) stated that publics often take advantage form the strange things such as dangerous products, gender discrimination, pollution etc. For the past examples, Bernay comes out a thought to boost the sales of Lucky Strikes cigarettes towards women, he persuade ten ladies who are first time to participate an social event to smoke on the public place while walking in the parade of New Yorks Easter. Besides, in year 1929, Bernays also hired by General Electric to persuade many of the worlds electricity supply to switch off the power and light to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of Thomas Edison for his invention of light bulb to commemorate the greatness of Edison. In 1924, Bernays started the first educati on course of Public Relations at New York University. He was the pioneer of public relations academic. Some people are not believed in public relations practitioner as persuasion is being doubt by them and undesirable for nowadays propaganda. There are positive and negative persuasive communication in the marketplace and society. Such as public healthy campaigns like TAK NAK that persuade the public to reducing smoking or even not to smoke to keep the body healthy. The Public Service Announcement (PSA) of encouraging safer driving likes not to break through the traffic light and not driving after drinking alcohol. Furthermore, the political campaign for the elections is using the two-way asymmetrical model which the candidate is seek to influences the voters to stand by their point of view. The candidate will try to persuade the voters to vote for them with slogan like vote Barisan National to preserve the country peaceful. This is to create fear among the people deep-seated worries, they play with special appeals to place the propaganda onto the public. Most of the advertising would like to use this model because at the end of the time, the benefits are not enjoyed by the consumer but the advertiser which is the organisation. The propaganda can use to describe this model. Propaganda intends to alter the public perception on certain thing. It is use as a communication to achieve the organisations desire and expectation. The priority of place the propaganda is to change the way public behaves currently to act in the way an organisation aimed to. According to Lasswells propaganda theory, the existing environment can influence the people to be vulnerable to simple form of propaganda. One of the examples of propaganda is glittering generalities, which is using the positive words to represent a particular product or person. Such as the newspaper of Guang Ming Daily, they use the slogan of your everyday best friend to make people accept and support their newspaper just like a best friend that you needed every day. Another example is McDonald is Americas favourite, this is a kind of bandwagon that carrying a meaning of every American are like to eat McDonald, thus you should be one of them. More and more advertis ing use propaganda to place their product or service in order to manipulate their consumer to agree with the organisations point of view and tend to support their product or service. For example, the advertisement of Calvin Kleins perfume, the scene shows a character that use the perfume will look cool and able to attract the opposite sex to approach them. In other words, whoever wants to look attractive must use the Calvin Kleins perfume. Nowadays, more and more of the advertisers like to invite the celebrities to be the endorser of a particular product or service. This is because the celebrities have the ability to influence their fans approach to particular product and boost the sales indirectly. For example, Pepsi, a soft drink company who invest a large amount on the famous celebrities at home and abroad such as Taiwan, Hong Kong and western countries to endorse their product. This is to create a celebrity charm in order to boost their sales. This technique is known as testimonial that able to influence and manipulate the audience to act according to the advertising which is the indeed objective behind the advertisement. The advertisers are aimed at the idolater mentality of the audiences, and then provide the information of how to approach their idol with Pepsi soft drink. In addition, the Disneylands slogan, the happiest place on earth makes the audiences feel that there is the place to go to feel good and havin g a better life with no worries. Apparently, the organisation is intended to create an impact among the audiences to step toward to Disneyland to join the joy. Symmetrical Model According to James E Grunig, he said that Public relations are the spread of management of an organization and publics and the purpose is to establish a target public relationship of mutual trust. Mr. James E Grunig is a noted of public relations theories and adding a new theories which is four models of public relations in 1984. One of the models of public relations is two-way symmetrical model which is the best and ideal model than other three models, said by James E Grunig. Two-way symmetrical model is emphasizes on dialogue, complete and accurate two-way communication. The main purpose is to promote mutual understanding between organizations and publics therefore the results of communication is benefits to both sides. Furthermore, it emphasis on public relations works to be built on the basic of the investigation and communication to resolve conflicts with strategies public through the dissemination of public relations mode. Besides that, two-way symmetrical models express the meaning of emphasized moral, stressed the need to balance between the interests of social organizations and publics. For example, some public relations department is using a two-way symmetrical model rather than two-way asymmetrical model to carry out the public relations activities. James E Grung, whose always get attention to others person dialogue, attitudes and behaviour and believes that two-way symmetrical model is unique than two-way asymmetrical model. It is because two-way asymmetrical model just to change others without changing ourselves. For example, public relations mostly used two-way asymmetrical model to reach their target audience. Moreover, he claims that good public relations not only successes to persuaded one side which is client or publics, he or she must persuaded both sides to change. Although some used of two-way asymmetrical model can evenly achieve in two-way symmetrical model. A success two-way symmetrical model is to let others recognize that there had self interest included in the information and to persuade them as well as uses each other common interest to persuade them. Two-way symmetrical model is refers to the interaction of two factors that affect each other in order to achieve the balanced state in society. There are several characteristics positioning relationship between the government, mass media and publics. Thus, this is also a kind of communication between the states on behalf both. Firstly, it is two-way in performance of the government and media to maintain mutual cooperation and mutual restraint. It means that government should actively using the mass media public resources, truthful, fair, proactive in mass media to provide government information to understand the ideal of the spread of mass media and value orientation therefore maintain relationship between government and publics. Besides that, mass media as social and public resources and helps publics to convey their perceptions and comments for government. Two-way symmetrical model used for media to enhance the relationship between government and publics at the same time achieve th e harmony of social relations. Second, two-way symmetrical is the best way to lead the government and media to share a common goal which is to protect publics interest. For example, government promoted 1Malaysia concepts through media such as television and radio. This shows that government used two-way symmetrical model to maintain good relationship with media and publics. James E Grunig argued that two-way symmetrical model can included the central route to persuasion. The central route to persuasion is persuaded by the arguments or content of the message. For example, after hearing a solution of the problems, people may decide to forgive and forgot the problems because they will convinced to it. Furthermore, Public relations also used the two-way symmetrical model to resolve conflict. For example, public relations provided the ways that will benefits to two sides therefore the conflict will be fulfilment. In addition, public relations increases the effectiveness of organizations by maintain the independence to organization and publics. For example, organizations manage the independence by building long term effect and stable the relationship between organization and publics. Two-way symmetrical model also used by public relations to shared mission of their organization. For example, there are many public relations programs such as fund raising or health campaigns are motivated more for the need to support from public than conflict. Moreover, two-way symmetrical model mostly used in maintain the relationship between organization and publics and negotiate with publics. It will make the organization more responsible to their clients and publics. For example, organizations need to fulfil publics needs and wants at the same promoted organization reputation. Therefore, two-way symmetrical model can even defined the ethics of public relations is rather than an outcome. Two types of research have been shows that two-way symmetrical model makes organizations more effectives. It shows that two-way symmetrical model is the most ethical approach to public relations and the ethics of public relations and the effectiveness of the models will helps to achieving the public relations objectives. For example, public relations announced to publics the information and tog

The Work of John Steinbeck :: Biography Biographies Essays

The Work of John Steinbeck      Ã‚  Ã‚   John Steinbeck was a major literary figure in the 20th century and continues to be widely read in the twenty-first century. Steinbeck was born on February 27,1902 (About John Steinbeck) in the Salinas Valley of California. (Laskov) "His father, John Steinbeck, Sr. was the County Treasurer and his mother, Olive Hamilton Steinbeck, was a former school teacher. As a youth, he worked as a ranch hand and fruit picker. (John Steinbeck [2])". "He attended the local high school and studied marine biology at Stanford University between 1920 and 1926, but did not take a degree" (John Steinbeck [1]). Steinbeck's fascination with science and biology is evident in most of his works such as in this quote from the Grapes of Wrath: "Man, unlike any other thing organic or inorganic in the universe, grows beyond his work, walks up in the stairs of his concepts, emerges ahead of his accomplishments."   (Steinbeck 165) As Steinbeck began his writing career, he took many other jobs to supp ort himself. For a short time, he worked at the American in New York City, and then returned to California where he worked various jobs such as a painter and fruit-picker before taking a job as a caretaker for a Lake Tahoe Estate. (John Steinbeck [1]) His job as a caretaker allowed him time to write and by the time he left the job in 1930 he had already published his first book, Cup of Gold (1929) and married his first wife Carol Henning (John Steinbeck [2]). After his marriage he moved to Pacific Grove, California where, in the early 1930s, Steinbeck met Edward Ricketts, a marine biologist, whose views on the interdependence of all life deeply influenced Steinbeck's novel To a God Unknown (1933). (John Steinbeck [2])      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tortilla Flat (1935) was Steinbeck's first successful novel. (John Steinbeck [2]) "Of Mice and Men (1937), a story of shattered dreams, became Steinbeck's first big success. In the same year appeared also The Red Pony". (John Steinbeck [2]) With his feet firmly planted as a successful America author, Steinbeck had many more pieces published during the next twenty years, including The Pearl and The Grapes of Wrath (1939). The Grapes of Wrath was hugely popular and was later made into an equally popular movie. (John Steinbeck [2])    John Steinbeck continued to write for the rest of his life, but many consider his writing career to have ended before he received the Nobel Prize.

Word Activity

This Method may be considered as the predecessor of the conventional multiplication procedures. The method involves the use of arrays or tables, the sizes of which depend on the number of digits in the multiplier and the multiplicand, respectively. Unlike the conventional method, however, which altitudes numbers from right to left and from bottom to top, the grating method multiplies numbers from left to right and from top to bottom. This method also includes diagonals to be drawn along the corners of the array. One advantage of this method is that it performs multiplication operations before addition operations Bones Method.This method was introduced in 1617 by John Napier of Scotland in his attempt to reduce tedious calculations involving large numbers. His â€Å"bones or rod†, made a great impression on the Europeans and the Chinese. The principle behind he bones method may be considered as a mixture of the principles of the abacus and of the grating method. Each rod is div ided into nine squares, each of which is divided into nine squares, each of which is divided diagonally. The top square holds a number (1-9). The remaining eight squares in the rod hold the product of multiplying that number by 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.Once it is set up, it is easy to get the product of a single-digit number and any other value from the top squares and the left rod, because the numbers in the middle are used to obtain the product. Sluggard Method. With the introduction of paper, the Arabs and the Hindus were able to develop a method which may give the product of numbers up to 10 x 10. This method, which was then called the sluggard method, is similar to the finger-counting method in principle. In fact, it can be said to be the finger-counting method on paper. Because, likewise, one has to memorize the multiplication table from 1 – 5 before this could be applied.The â€Å"Arabic Numerals† System. The present number system is of Hindu origin, based on the use often fingers. This system was introduced in Europe by the Moors in the the century as a result of the expansion of the Moslem empire. It was modified in India in what is now called the â€Å"Arabic Numerals†. True numerals are still used in some parts of the Middle and the Near East. Directions 1 . Type the document below. Save using filename â€Å"lifter† 2. Follow the procedure to center a text. Save file â€Å"centered† 3. Change the font color of each of the line in the poem 4.Follow the procedure to right align the text. Save using filename â€Å"Activity† think that I shall never see a poem as lovely as a tree. A tree whose hungry mouth s pressed against the earth's sweet flowing breast, and lifts her leafy arms to pray. A tree that may in summer, wear a nest of robins in her hair; upon whose snow has lain; who intimately lives with rain; poems are made by fools like but only can make tree. 2. Follow procedures in paragraph indent 3. Use the font  "Arial†, â€Å"Bold Italic†, font size = 20 for the title. 4. Change the font style and font size of every paragraph. . Save files as â€Å"Activity† Dalai Lama Test This little exercise is fun. Take a few minutes out of your frantic day to enjoy a bit of enlightenment. Dalai lama personality test The dalai lama said read it to see if it works for you. Personality test. Very interesting. Just 4 questions and the answers will surprise you. Do not cheat by looking up the answers. The mind is like a parachute, it works best when it is opened. This is fun to do, but you have to follow the instructions very closely. Do not cheat. Make a wish before beginning the test!!! A warning! Answer the questions as you go along.There are only four questions and if you see them all before finishing, you will not have honest results. Don't look ahead, get a pencil and paper to write your answers as you go along. You will need it at the end. This is an honest questionnaire which wi ll tell you a lot about your true self. 1. Put the following 5 animals in the order of your preference. A. Cow b. Tiger c. Sheep d. Horse e. Pig 2. Write one word that describes each one of the following: Dog cat Rat Coffee them to the following colors (do not repeat your answer twice. Name Just one person for each color. ) Yellow Orange Red White Green 4.Finally, write down your favorite number and your favorite day of the week. Finished? Please be sure that your answers are what you really want. Look at the interpretations below: But first before continuing, repeat your wish. This will define your priorities in your life. Activity No. 7 2. Save your file using â€Å"Activity† 3. Follow the font format and its line spacing. Wish â€Å"Close your eyes and make a wish Angels will be there to blow you a kiss They will guide your way and Make your dreams come true Like what they did to me when I Ask for a friend like you† â€Å"It's harder to find a true friend than it I s to find a lover.In one's lifetime I can have many lovers; but to have Just One true friend like you is a blessing† â€Å"If one day you find yourself trapped in The dark, Just look up in the Sky and if you see one little tiny Light up there†¦ That's me Reminding you that I'm still there even Activity No. 4 1 . Type the document below using bullet style 2. Save your file using â€Å"Activity† International School of Asia and the Pacific Penance, Canaan International School of Asia and the Pacific has to offer you: The best of the Archdiocese of Autograph in Catholic Education; Priest educators committed to service of God's people.

American History of the 60-70s essays

American History of the 60-70s essays During the 50s and the 60s television had a huge impact on Americans lives.timeAmericans relied strongly apond the T.V. this allowed American people as well as the rest of the world to see things and witness things without even being remotely close. Television took one of its first major steps in Texas where president John F Kennidy was assassinated in the mid 60s. And how the hole event had gotten captured on tape. This allowed for the hole assassination to role out and for people of the world to see what had happened. After president Kennidy died in the hospital L.B.J. took office. Soon after the United States of America went to war in Vietnam. The Television played a majore part during this war. Reporters and news crews would be conducting daily interviews with soldiers to show on T.V. back home in the United States to show and tell the American people that we were getting some were in Vietnam. But where the telivision played a much bigger role was when the news crews sta rted to tape the body bags and woumded soldiers comeing back from battle to show to the people back home in the U.S. T.V. cameras are what withdrew us from the war so soon. The U.S. had gotten increasingly involved in the Vietnam war by having our airforce bases over their flying missions to protect the world against communisom and to bomb the enemy. Well naturally the communist didnt like the fact the the United States was coming into Vietnam and bombing them so they started to attack the airforce basis. After this was happening for a while the United States sent over the army boys to protect the airforce basis for the attacks. Evenshally the army didnt just set at the air force base and wait for the enemy to come to them. The army sent their boys out on search and destroy missions to hop fully keeps the communist away from the basis. As more fire basis went up more army men continued to trickal into Vietnam and they were no longer on j...

Lafferty essays

Lafferty essays In 1959 Petaluma purchased Lafferty Ranch to provide water for the citizens, from the headwaters of Adobe Creek. 1992, the state, stated the water, seismically unsound, and had to retrofit it. When that was going on we got our water from the Sonoma County Water Agency Russian River transmission system. In 1962, Petaluma had a general plan to turn Lafferty into a park site. The neighbors of Lafferty didnt like the idea of having a public accessed park in their back yards so they opposed the plan. Peter Pfendler, a neighbor to Lafferty, was willing to swap his ranch for Lafferty so they could open a park. In 1996 there were two groups with petitions that were circulating. Friends of Lafferty, who wanted to keep Lafferty. But their petition was disqualified because lack of public notice. The other group was the Committee for choice, and they had two petitions going around. One was the Lafferty/Moon swap, and the other was limited public access to Lafferty, which contained docent tour on three days of the year. Both of their petitions were disqualified when the city clerk noticed that a number of the signatures were forged. After the forged signatures, the city council decided to keep Lafferty, but they are studying the environmental impact of the park. I think some of the pros of having the park open is that people can have a chance to get fresh air and explore the great outdoors. I think that a lot of young people like to go hiking but dont want to drive that far, and Sonoma Mountain is a beautiful place, only if the public respect it. Some of the cons of having the park, is some people dont care about respect so there will be litter in the park. The drive to Lafferty is not safe, there are lots of twists and most of the time there is lots of fog. If more people drive to Lafferty, there is more possibility of getting hurt. People might be too loud, causing neighbors to complain. ...

Annual report about apple company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Annual report about apple company - Essay Example In order to provide differentiated and unique products, the company engages in innovation each year providing their consumers with products that use groundbreaking technology whose introduction to the market is backed by an effective marketing and advertisement strategy. Consequently, a combination of these approaches ensures that Apple Inc’s products become synonymous with cult-brands. Nonetheless, it is important to identify the objectives of the company in order to understand the marketing and advertisement strategy that the company uses to promote its products. Through providing innovative hardware, software, services, and peripherals, the company’s objective is to bring out the best user experiences by providing differentiated and unique products in terms of design and the operating systems, which sets them apart from the competitors (Apple Inc. 2012). For this reason, the innovation the company engages in provides consumers with new products and services that are superior in quality while being easy to use, provide seamless integration, and provide innovative designs. In effect, innovation has helped the company gain competitive advantage in the industry since its strategic approach ensures that the company produces differentiated products that provide it with a competitive edge whose innovations are not as unique and differentiated as Apple products. In the contemporary society, it is evident that information and technological innovations keep on evolving with various companies frequently producing new product offering. For this reason, companies operating in this sector face stiff competition due to these new products and services on offer. Nonetheless, a good marketing strategy ensures that Apple Inc. is able to compete effectively in the competitive business environment while also maintaining a competitive edge over its competitors. In order to effectively position the company to consumers in this competitive sector, the company has focu sed their marketing strategy by providing products with appealing designs, focused their product offering, and provided designs and products that are easy to use for their consumers (McDonald and Keegan 2002). Other than offering differentiated products, Apple Inc. practice market segmentation by dividing their marketing offering into five distinct segments. These segments are the consumer segment, Small and Medium-sized Business segment, education segment, enterprise segment, and government segment with each market segment provided with unique products from the company that meet the needs and preferences of consumers in each segment (Apple Inc. 2012). Under the education segment, the company offers products to consumers in educational institutions with the products on offer providing them with the requisite knowledge and set of skills that enhance their learning. In addition, the company offers special pricing for consumers in this category. On the other hand, government agencies a lso offer various products and services that specifically meet their needs and objectives of offering services to the public in a seamless approach. Similarly, other segments of the markets that the company offers are unique to the company seeking to provide products meant for each market segment with these products meeting the specific needs of the customers under

Reading journal about a book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading journal about a book - Essay Example ookie’s character, illustrating a deep need for emotional and sexual gratification by others which confuses her identity and how she should be perceived in the story. While others are deeply concerned about her well-being, which Sookie clearly appreciates, she questions herself regularly and over-analyzes scenarios with a deep concern that she might betray, offend or otherwise harm others. Sex is a major theme which Sookie seems to equate with acceptance and approval, yet in some ways it seems to be a mockery to this character. She is duplicitous, for sure, and this impacts what she chooses to give to others when describing death, friendship, betrayal and other concepts. From a gender perspective, there is little method by which to clearly classify what type of gender persona she really is enacted; or desires to enact. Her obsession with cuddling and physical embrace seems to be the only method by which she finds comfort in her own identity. When she is more aggressive and assertive, she keeps it to her thoughts, such as stating that she is mad at another person, but chooses not to express this openly. She seems to internalize many of her conflicts, making it so that others in her social environment remain unaware that she is so duplicitous and complex. In one situation, she says of Alcide, â€Å"screw him† to show indifference, yet she dreams of making love to Alcide secretly. It seems she wants others to believe she is self-sufficient, confident and strong, but in reality it is the need for romance that drives the majority of her motivations. Far from discussing the storyline in-depth, it is Sookie’s complexity of character and personality and how it chooses to present itself to others that makes the story so compelling in terms of gender identity and gender

Week 4 - Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Week 4 - Article Review - Essay Example The officials with DTI argue that these 31 properties should be tax-exempt because they are currently vacant or they are obsolete and cannot be used for business purposes in their current state. The total tax on these properties comes to a total of around $200,000. In other words, it is almost as if the state of Michigan and the city of Kalamazoo are punishing DTI for purchasing these properties on their behalf and for the betterment of the city, which the owners of DTI claim they may not have purchased these properties otherwise. Later in the article, the president of the company, Ken Nacci goes on to claim that the company would even be happy to pay taxes if the property values of the 31 sites are reduced so that the company does not have to pay such high taxes on properties that are clearly not worth their current value. DTI argues in their claim that the property values are roughly near $1.13 million while the city of Kalamazoo claims their values are more than three times that much. Regardless, the dispute that has been filed with the Michigan Tax Tribunal could result in a turnaround of returned taxes, plus interest to the company if they rule in favor of DTI and DKI. Unfortunately for DTI and DKI, the tribunal is so far backed up that it cannot hear the case for up to several years before a ruling can be made. For now, the company must pay the taxes but if, several years from now, the dispute is heard and ruled in favor of the company, they could be looking at a refund of millions of dollars in paid ta xes plus additional interest on the properties. The legal issue at hand is that the company, DKI, owns 31 real properties in the city of Kalamazoo. The company owns the properties, but purchased them on behalf of the city, which could be argued that in fact the city owns the properties. Therefore, there are several issues such as whether the property is person